How does the trade in validating credit cards work? Who pays whom for access to the information?
I think merchants pay information middlemen such as Paypal or First Merchant Data Services to perform credit card validations. (I don't know how the merchants computer system interfaces with such a service - whether the merchant must buy a special program or whether the merchant merely knows some data formats and passwords.) The middlemen deal with financial institutions that have the detailed information on a card. But who pays whom for access to this information? Does the middleman pay the bank? Or are the services of the middleman so valuable that the bank pays the middleman? And how does the company that holds the "brand name" of the card (like "VISA") get involved in this? (e.g.. How is "VISA" involved with the VISA card issued by the First National Bank Of Melverton?)