We just finished Adirondack chairs for the beginning students out of 1x12 inch pine and we have a ready supply, which is great because if I’m not watching kids average 50% waste!
Maybe there should be some percentage of the grade based on how efficiently the wood was used.
My potting benches made for sell at a farmers market were made to have minimal waste. The top used 19" long pieces that left about an inch of waste from the 1X4 cedar used to make the slats. The back legs were 5' and the front legs were 3', no waste from eight foot 2X4s.
A good design will consider the use of stock with as little waste as reasonable.
jtk
"A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty."
- Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)