Phenolic, melamine and epoxy are all varieties of thermosetting plastic. They all harden with heat (unlike polystyrene and polypropylene which soften with heat. (I spend 25 years at a company that impregated industrial fabrics with phenolic and we used millions of pounds of phenolic...)
Most plywood is made by laminating sheet of wood together using resorcinol resin, a cousin of phenolic. Phenolic plywood is plywood, not MDF, and it's been faced with a thin layer of phenolic-impregnated birch. not paper It's very smooth and tough and it's useful for making jigs. Phenolic plywood has phenolic just on the surface plies. The interior plies are regular plywood - often birch. Woodcraft carries it.
As noted by others, phenolic plywood is also use in the construction industry to make tough long-lasting forms for concrete, which is why Whiteside carries it. Whiteside is a commercial supply house, not a retail outlet.
If you buy "solid phenolic" of the sort used to mount routers under a table, you're probably getting a laminated phenolic-impregnated cloth, which is similarly very tough and smooth, but usually not as thick as phenolic plywood. In the 1980s Caterpillar tractors used a thick, wide ring of phenolic-impregnated cotton as an axle bearing. (Maybe they still do.)
Woodcraft carries 3/4 and 1/2 plywood and it is expensive -- see http://www.woodcraft.com/family.aspx...e=details#tabs. But is makes strong, smooth long-lasting jigs. If you need a low-friction surface that resists abrasion, phenolic is a god choice. Example: table saw outfeed tables; fences.