Hi Peter,
I know you are concerned about direction of flow through the cartridge filter, but I think if you clean your filter adequatly, you could reverse the flow without any issues. This being said, you could put the cartridge filter on the inlet of an axial fan as shown in the BP link, then discarge through a straight piece of duct. This would give you the most filter area in the smallest space and still promote your air currents. I just looked at the picture in the BP link and didn't read the text, this may be what he is suggesting.
The carbon filter in your filter fan link, will not be good for your intended purpose. The carbon filter is for odor control and will plug with significant particulate levels, thus limiting airflow and your circulation effect.
If you are going to build the air scrubber box arrangement, look for envelope style filters with the media/filtration requirements you want. The envelope style will give you more filter area. You can include a framework inside your box to increase the number of filters if you desire, but there are a lot of sizes commercially available. You may have to go to a commercial/industrial filter manufacturer for more choices. The prices should be competitive. A regular furnace filter will work for the intake or a register grill. The furnace filters will reduce the loading on the more expensive envelope filters, but it may be minimal depending on your dust size. The register grill would at least act as a safety guard over the fan intake.
Mike